Diabetes mellitus is becoming increasingly common across the world, and India is often referred to as the diabetes capital of the world. Diabetes and heart disease are strongly connected, as heart disease is one of the most serious complications seen in people with diabetes.
What Is Diabetes Mellitus?
Diabetes is a condition that affects how the body uses blood sugar, also known as glucose. Glucose is the main source of energy for the body’s muscles, tissues, and brain.
In diabetes, blood sugar levels rise above normal. Persistently high blood sugar can lead to multiple long-term health problems. The reason for high blood sugar depends on the type of diabetes.
Types of Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes
In type 1 diabetes, the body does not produce enough insulin. Insulin is a hormone released by beta cells of the pancreas and helps glucose enter body cells. Without insulin, glucose remains in the blood, leading to high sugar levels and lack of energy inside the cells.
Type 2 Diabetes
In type 2 diabetes, the pancreas produces insulin, but the body’s cells do not respond properly to it. This insulin resistance prevents efficient use of glucose, causing blood sugar levels to rise.
Other Forms of Diabetes
- Prediabetes: Blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes. Without lifestyle changes, it can progress to type 2 diabetes.
- Gestational Diabetes: Occurs during pregnancy and usually resolves after delivery. Women with gestational diabetes have a higher chance of developing type 2 diabetes later in life.
Diagnosis Criteria
Prediabetes
- Fasting blood sugar: 100–125 mg/dL
- OGTT (2 hours): 140–199 mg/dL
- HbA1c: 5.7%–6.0%
Diabetes
- Fasting blood sugar: ≥126 mg/dL
- OGTT (2 hours): ≥200 mg/dL
- HbA1c: ≥6.5%
Symptoms of Diabetes
Some people may not notice symptoms initially. Others may experience:
- Increased thirst
- Frequent urination
- Excessive hunger
- Unintentional weight loss
- Fatigue
- Blurred vision
- Slow healing of wounds
Complications of Diabetes
Long-standing high blood sugar damages blood vessels and nerves. Common complications include:
- Heart disease
- Stroke
- Nerve damage (neuropathy)
- Kidney damage (nephropathy)
- Eye damage (retinopathy)
- Foot problems
Diabetes and Heart Disease
Heart disease includes several conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels.
Coronary Artery Disease in Diabetes
This is the most common and serious heart-related complication of diabetes. It occurs due to plaque buildup in the arteries, reducing blood flow and oxygen to the heart muscle. This process, known as atherosclerosis, can cause chest pain (angina) or lead to a heart attack.
Diabetic Cardiomyopathy
Diabetes can also affect the heart muscle directly. In diabetic cardiomyopathy, the left ventricle becomes thickened and stiff, leading to poor contraction and relaxation. This reduces the heart’s ability to pump blood efficiently.
Prevention and Management of Diabetes and Heart Disease
Diabetes is strongly linked to lifestyle habits. With consistent changes, both diabetes and its complications can be controlled.
Diet Guidelines
- Avoid sugar and refined flour completely. Dates may be used in small amounts as a natural sweetener.
- Eat fresh, seasonal fruits and vegetables for fiber and antioxidants. Limit very sweet fruits and fruit juices.
- Avoid saturated and trans fats. Reduce oil and butter. Stay away from fried foods.
- Include nuts and seeds such as almonds and flaxseeds for healthy fats.
- Avoid bakery items, white bread, cookies, cakes, and packaged foods.
- Choose plant-based protein sources like beans, lentils, and sprouts. Have sprouts at least three times a week.
- Drink 2–3 liters of water daily unless advised otherwise by your doctor. Avoid sugary and carbonated drinks.
Exercise and Physical Activity
Regular activity improves blood sugar control and heart health.
- Aim for 30 minutes of moderate aerobic exercise, 5 days a week
- Add strength training and yoga
- If you already have heart disease, consult your doctor before starting exercise
Smoking, Alcohol, and Stress
- Quit smoking and alcohol to reduce complications
- Manage stress through yoga, meditation, hobbies, and quality time with family and friends
- Spend time outdoors and maintain a balanced routine
Medical Disclaimer
This article is for informational purposes only. Always consult your doctor before making changes to your diet, exercise routine, or medical treatment.
